The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal physical and mental health by regulating essential metabolic processes, enhancing immunity, and preserving the integrity of the intestinal barrier. A balanced diet rich in plant-based ingredients positively influences the gut microbiome, reducing the risk of various diseases. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, induced by factors such as a low-fiber diet or stress, may lead to increased intestinal permeability, predisposing individuals to diseases, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases. Research on the gut-brain axis also underscores the significant impact of gut microbiota on emotional aspects. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and the nervous system is essential for the development of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies in the realm of both physical and mental health.