In recent decades, the issue of food contamination with chemical substances resulting from industrialization and increasing environmental pollution has become a severe challenge for global food security, carrying significant consequences for both public health and the economy. The term “obesogen” was introduced to describe environmental chemical pollutants, classified as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), which can promote obesity in both humans and animals. Among these substances are commonly used chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, and perfluoroalkyl substances, whose main source of exposure for humans is consumed food. Studies indicate that exposure to obesogens can disrupt intestinal hormone secretion, lead to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, and stimulate adipogenesis and fat accumulation in adipocytes, which favors the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of action of obesogens is gaining particular importance in the face of the growing global obesity problem.